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The Wheeler Compromise, sometimes known as the Wheeler Adjustment, was the settlement of the disputed gubernatorial election of 1872 in the US state of Louisiana, and negotiation to organize the state's legislature in January 1875. It was negotiated by, and named after, William A. Wheeler, Congressman from New York and a member of the US House Committee on Southern Affairs. He later was elected as Vice President of the United States. The political disruption and continued violence in Louisiana was thought to show the unraveling of Reconstruction; Wheeler said it was the failure of trying to "promote peace with the sword."〔 Republicans began to consider how to consolidate their strength in the North. ==Politics and State legislature== The political situation in Louisiana had been increasingly volatile, and elections in the state were surrounded by violence. White Democrats struggled to suppress black voting and disrupt Republican gatherings. After the disputed gubernatorial election of 1872, both Democrats and Republicans held inaugurations and appointed local officials. Eventually the federal government certified the election of the Republican candidate, William Kellogg. The Colfax Massacre in 1873, in which white militia in Grant Parish turned out Republican officeholders in the parish and killed 80-100 black defenders, was related to the election controversy. By 1874, Confederate veterans of that action had formed the White League, a paramilitary group that formed chapters across the state. In the smaller Coushatta Massacre, several white Republicans were killed before they left a parish, after being turned out of office, as were 15-20 black witnesses. In September 1874, in the Battle of Liberty Place, 5,000 members of the White League fought against about 3500 Metropolitan police in a takeover of state buildings, occupying them for three days, in an attempt to turn out Republicans and seat John McEnery as governor. More than 56 people were killed, mostly among the city's police and militia defenders.〔(Adolph Reed, Jr., "The battle of Liberty Monument - New Orleans, Louisiana white supremacist statue" ), ''The Progressive'', June 1993, accessed 18 May 2010〕 The White League retreated before federal troops entered the city and Kellogg was restored to office. Following this, Governor Kellogg asked for federal aid to prevent violence when the state legislature met for the first time on January 4, 1875 to organize following the 1874 elections. The entrance to the State House in New Orleans was monitored. General Philippe Régis de Trobriand, commanding the Thirteenth Infantry, had stationed forces in the area around the building the night before.〔 The Returning Board had certified 54 Republicans and 52 Democrats as elected to the state legislature, with some five contested seats: for Bienville, De Soto, Grant and Winn parishes, to be settled by the legislature.〔 When the members assembled, both parties had elected Speakers of the House, and the Democrats attempted to take over the legislature ''en masse,'' by having their elected Speaker, Louis A. Wiltz, former mayor of New Orleans, take the chair immediately when they entered the chamber. They later withdrew to caucus. Through Governor Kellogg, Republican House officials requested aid to clear the house of non-certified members. Each of the Democrats made a speech before leaving, and they withdrew as a group, moving out to a place in the city to address their supporters.〔 Many people in the North criticized the use of federal forces in relation to the state legislature. On the same day, the Democrats boycotted organization of the state Senate, and the 29 elected Republicans attempted to organize it. That night President Ulysses S. Grant ordered General Philip Sheridan to take control of the Gulf Department.〔("Louisiana, Exciting Scenes at the Opening of the Legislature...or " ), ''New York Times'', 5 January 1875, accessed 30 January 2014〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Wheeler Compromise」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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